青铜鹤：秦始皇的“仙人梦”

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青铜鹤
 
 


镇馆之宝

文： 记者金叶

资料提供：秦始皇帝陵博物院

2000年，在秦陵外城东北角约900米处，考古队发现了一座陪葬坑。它面积978平方米，平面略呈“F”形，是一个地下坑道式土木结构建筑的陪葬坑。坑中出土了46件青铜水禽，其中天鹅20只，鸿雁20只，鹤6只。它们都与实际大小相同，动作姿态多种多样，个别铜禽身体上还能看到清晰的彩绘痕迹。这些水禽分布在一条模拟性小河两岸的台地上，有的在觅食，有的在小憩，动作各异，但头部都面向中间的河道。

和这些铜禽同时出土的还有大型陶俑15件，目前已经修复9件。有箕踞姿和跽坐俑两类。两种姿态俑着装相同，都头戴布制软帽，身穿长襦，下着长裤，腰系革带，右腰处悬挂着长方形的扁囊，脚穿布袜，没有穿鞋靴，似乎在室内或者榻席之上从事某种劳作。

结合坑中出土的银、铜、骨质小件器物，有专家分析，这些陶俑似乎在演奏乐器，他们在用音乐驯化水禽，使这些水禽能够按照人的意愿做出各种整齐划一的舞蹈动作。

在满是兵戈铁马的秦始皇陵，为什么会出现这样一座闲适的所在？这个陪葬坑究竟是什么用途？它究竟是秦帝国中央政府或皇宫某个官府机构在地下的模拟再现，还是宫廷苑囿中的禽园，或者是雁池或鹤池的象征？学界仍然在研究当中。而陪葬坑中的一只青铜鹤，还给学者们的思考提供了一种新的可能。 
 

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